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INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Industrial relations has become one of the most delicate and complex problem=
s of modern industrial society. Industrial progress is impossible without co=
operation of labors and harmonious relationships. Therefore, it is in the in=
terest of all to create and maintain good relations between employees (labor=
) and employers (management).


Concept of Industrial Relations:
The term =E2=80=98Industrial Relations=E2=80=99 comprises of two terms: =E2=80=
=98Industry=E2=80=99 and =E2=80=98Relations=E2=80=99. =E2=80=9CIndustry=E2=80=
=9D refers to =E2=80=9Cany productive activity in which an individual (or a g=
roup of individuals) is (are) engaged=E2=80=9D. By =E2=80=9Crelations=E2=80=9D=
 we mean =E2=80=9Cthe relationships that exist within the industry between t=
he employer and his workmen.=E2=80=9D The term industrial relations explains=
 the relationship between employees and management which stem directly or in=
directly from union-employer relationship.=20

Industrial relations are the relationships between employees and employers w=
ithin the organizational settings. The field of industrial relations looks a=
t the relationship between management and workers, particularly groups of wo=
rkers represented by a union. Industrial relations are basically the interac=
tions between employers, employees and the government, and the institutions a=
nd associations through which such interactions are mediated.=20

The term industrial relations has a broad as well as a narrow outlook. Origi=
nally, industrial relations was broadly defined to include the relationships=
 and interactions between employers and employees. =46rom this perspective, i=
ndustrial relations covers all aspects of the employment relationship, inclu=
ding human resource management, employee relations, and union-management (or=
 labor) relations. Now its meaning has become more specific and restricted. A=
ccordingly, industrial relations pertains to the study and practice of colle=
ctive bargaining, TRADE unionism, and labor-management relations, while huma=
n resource management is a separate, largely distinct field that deals with n=
onunion employment relationships and the personnel practices and policies of=
 employers.=20

The relationships which arise at and out of the workplace generally include t=
he relationships between individual workers, the relationships between worke=
rs and their employer, the relationships between employers, the relationship=
s employers and workers have with the organizations formed to promote their r=
espective interests, and the relations between those organizations, at all l=
evels. industrial relations also includes the processes through which these r=
elationships are expressed (such as, collective bargaining, workers=E2=80=99=
 participation in decision-making, and grievance and dispute settlement), an=
d the management of conflict between employers, workers and TRADE unions, wh=
en it arises.

For better understanding of industrial relations, various terms need to be d=
efined here:=20

Industry:
Industrial Disputes Act 1947 defines an industry as any systematic activity c=
arried on by co-operation between an employer and his workmen for the produc=
tion, supply or distribution of goods or services with a view to satisfy hum=
an
wants or wishes whether or not any capital has been INVESTED for the purpose=
 of carrying on such activity; or such activity is carried on with a motive t=
o make any gain or profit. Thus, an industry is a whole gamut of activities t=
hat are carried on by an employer with the help of his employees and labors f=
or production and distribution of goods to earn profits.

Employer:

An employer can be defined from different perspectives as:-

a person or business that pays a wage or fixed payment to other person(s) in=
 exchange for the services of such persons.
a person who directly engages a worker/employee in employment.
any person who employs, whether directly or through another person or agency=
, one or more employees in any scheduled employment in respect of which mini=
mum rates of wages have been fixed.

As per Industrial Disputes Act 1947 an employer means:-

in relation to an industry carried on by or under the authority of any depar=
tment of [the Central Government or a State Government], the authority presc=
ribed in this behalf, or where no authority is prescribed, the head of the d=
epartment;
in relation to an industry carried on by or on behalf of a local authority, t=
he chief executive officer of that authority;


Employee: -=20

Employee is a person who is hired by another person or business for a wage o=
r fixed payment in exchange for personal services and who does not provide t=
he services as part of an independent business.
An employee is any individual employed by an employer.
A person who works for a public or private employer and receives remuneratio=
n in wages or salary by his employer while working on a commission basis, pi=
ece-rates or time rate.
Employee, as per Employee State Insurance Act 1948, is any person employed f=
or wages in or in connection with work of a factory or establishment to whic=
h the act applies.

In order to qualify to be an employee, under ESI Act, a person should belong=
 to any of the categories:
those who are directly employed for wages by the principal employer within t=
he premises or outside in connection with work of the factory or establishme=
nt.
those employed for wages by or through an immediate employer in the premises=
 of the factory or establishment in connection with the work thereof
those employed for wages by or through an immediate employer in connection w=
ith the factory or establishment outside the premises of such factory or est=
ablishment under the supervision and control of the principal employer or hi=
s agent.
employees whose services are temporarily lent or let on hire to the principa=
l employer by an immediate employer under a contract of service (employees o=
f security contractors, labor contractors, house keeping contractors etc. co=
me under this category).
Employment: The state of being employed or having a job.

Labor MARKET:=20

The MARKET in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for worke=
rs. It acts as the external source from which organizations attract employee=
s. These markets occur because different conditions characterize different g=
eographical areas, industries, occupations, and professions at any given tim=
e.

An industrial relations system consists of the whole gamut of relationships b=
etween employees and employees and employers which are managed by the means o=
f conflict and cooperation.

A sound industrial relations system is one in which relationships between ma=
nagement and employees (and their representatives) on the one hand, and betw=
een them and the State on the other, are more harmonious and cooperative tha=
n conflictual and creates an environment conducive to economic efficiency an=
d the motivation, productivity and development of the employee and generates=
 employee loyalty and mutual trust.

Actors in the IR system:

Three main parties are directly involved in industrial relations:

Employers: Employers possess certain rights vis-=C3=A0-vis labors. They have=
 the right to hire and fire them. Management can also affect workers=E2=80=99=
 interests by exercising their right to relocate, close or merge the factory=
 or to introduce technological changes.

Employees: Workers seek to improve the terms and conditions of their employm=
ent. They exchange views with management and voice their grievances. They al=
so want to share decision making powers of management. Workers generally uni=
te to form unions against the management and get support from these unions.=20=


Government: The central and state government influences and regulates indust=
rial relations through laws, rules, agreements, awards of court ad the like.=
 It also includes third parties and labor and tribunal courts.

SCOPE:=20

The concept of industrial relations has a very wide meaning and connotation.=
 In the narrow sense, it means that the employer, employee relationship conf=
ines itself to the relationship that emerges out of the day to day associati=
on of the management and the labor. In its wider sense, industrial relations=
 include the relationship between an employee and an employer in the course o=
f the running of an industry and may project it to spheres, which may transg=
ress to the areas of quality control, MARKETING, price fixation and disposit=
ion of profits among others.


The scope or industrial relations is quite vast. The main issues involved he=
re include the following:

Collective bargaining
Machinery for settlement of industrial disputes
Standing orders
Workers participation in management
Unfair labor practiceS

Importance Of Industrial Relations
The healthy industrial relations are key to the progress and success. Their s=
ignificance may be discussed as under =E2=80=93=20
Uninterrupted production =E2=80=93 The most important benefit of industrial r=
elations is that this ensures continuity of production. This means, continuo=
us employment for all from manager to workers. The resources are fully utili=
zed, resulting in the maximum possible production. There is uninterrupted fl=
ow of income for all. Smooth running of an industry is of vital importance f=
or several other industries; to other industries if the products are interme=
diaries or inputs; to exporters if these are export goods; to consumers and w=
orkers, if these are goods of mass consumption.
Reduction in Industrial Disputes =E2=80=93 Good industrial relations reduce t=
he industrial disputes. Disputes are reflections of the failure of basic hum=
an urges or motivations to secure adequate satisfaction or expression which a=
re fully cured by good industrial relations. Strikes, lockouts, go-slow tact=
ics, gherao and grievances are some of the reflections of industrial unrest w=
hich do not spring up in an atmosphere of industrial peace. It helps promoti=
ng co-operation and increasing production.
High morale =E2=80=93 Good industrial relations improve the morale of the em=
ployees. Employees work with great zeal with the feeling in mind that the in=
terest of employer and employees is one and the same, i.e. to increase produ=
ction. Every worker feels that he is a co-owner of the gains of industry. Th=
e employer in his turn must realize that the gains of industry are not for h=
im along but they should be shared equally and generously with his workers. I=
n other words, complete unity of thought and action is the main achievement o=
f industrial peace. It increases the place of workers in the society and the=
ir ego is satisfied. It naturally affects production because mighty co-opera=
tive efforts alone can produce great results.
Mental Revolution =E2=80=93 The main object of industrial relation is a comp=
lete mental revolution of workers and employees. The industrial peace lies u=
ltimately in a transformed outlook on the part of both. It is the business o=
f leadership in the ranks of workers, employees and Government to work out a=
 new relationship in consonance with a spirit of true democracy. Both should=
 think themselves as partners of the industry and the role of workers in suc=
h a partnership should be recognized. On the other hand, workers must recogn=
ize employer=E2=80=99s authority. It will naturally have impact on productio=
n because they recognize the interest of each other.
Reduced Wastage =E2=80=93 Good industrial relations are maintained on the ba=
sis of cooperation and recognition of each other. It will help increase prod=
uction. Wastages of man, material and machines are reduced to the minimum an=
d thus national interest is protected.
Thus, it is evident that good industrial relations is the basis of higher pr=
oduction with minimum cost and higher profits. It also results in increased e=
fficiency of workers. New and new projects may be introduced for the welfare=
 of the workers and to promote the morale of the people at work. An economy o=
rganized for planned production and distribution, aiming at the realization o=
f social justice and welfare of the massage can function effectively only in=
 an atmosphere of industrial peace. If the twin objectives of rapid national=
 development and increased social justice are to be achieved, there must be h=
armonious relationship between management and labor.
The main objectives of industrial relations system are:-

To safeguard the interest of labor and management by securing the highest le=
vel of mutual understanding and good-will among all those sections in the in=
dustry which participate in the process of production.
To avoid industrial conflict or strife and develop harmonious relations, whi=
ch are an essential factor in the productivity of workers and the industrial=
 progress of a country.
To raise productivity to a higher level in an era of full employment by less=
ening the tendency to high turnover and frequency absenteeism.
To establish and promote the growth of an industrial democracy based on labo=
r partnership in the sharing of profits and of managerial decisions, so that=
 ban individuals personality may grow its full stature for the benefit of th=
e industry and of the country as well.
To eliminate or minimize the number of strikes, lockouts and gheraos by prov=
iding reasonable wages, improved living and working conditions, said fringe b=
enefits.
To improve the economic conditions of workers in the existing state of indus=
trial managements and political government.
Socialization of industries by making the state itself a major employer
Vesting of a proprietary interest of the workers in the industries in which t=
hey are employed.

Sent from my iPad=

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<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"content-type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3D=
utf-8"></head><body dir=3D"auto"><p style=3D"-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;=
 box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font=
-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0=
, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><span style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2=
0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; font-weight: 600;">INDUSTRIAL R=
ELATIONS</span></p><table border=3D"0" style=3D"font-size: 16px; -webkit-tex=
t-size-adjust: auto; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; bord=
er: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing=
: 0px; caret-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-fami=
ly: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Robo=
to, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Fira Sans&quot;, Ubuntu, Oxygen, &quot=
;Oxygen Sans&quot;, Cantarell, &quot;Droid Sans&quot;, &quot;Apple Color Emo=
ji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Sego=
e UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Lucida Grande&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"=
><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0=
px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border=
-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outl=
ine: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; p=
adding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><table st=
yle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-=
size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spac=
ing: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px=
; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-siz=
ing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: bas=
eline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; ma=
rgin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px=
;">Industrial relations has become one of the most delicate and complex prob=
lems of modern industrial society. Industrial progress is impossible without=
 cooperation of labors and harmonious relationships. Therefore, it is in the=
 interest of all to create and maintain good relations between employees (la=
bor) and employers (management).<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br st=
yle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr styl=
e=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertica=
l-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: bo=
rder-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; o=
utline: 0px;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><span style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: basel=
ine; outline: 0px; font-weight: 600;">Concept of Industrial Relations:</span=
><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">The term =E2=80=98Industrial Relation=
s=E2=80=99 comprises of two terms: =E2=80=98Industry=E2=80=99 and =E2=80=98R=
elations=E2=80=99. =E2=80=9CIndustry=E2=80=9D refers to =E2=80=9Cany product=
ive activity in which an individual (or a group of individuals) is (are) eng=
aged=E2=80=9D. By =E2=80=9Crelations=E2=80=9D we mean =E2=80=9Cthe relations=
hips that exist within the industry between the employer and his workmen.=E2=
=80=9D The term industrial relations explains the relationship between emplo=
yees and management which stem directly or indirectly from union-employer re=
lationship.&nbsp;<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box;">Industrial relations are the relationships between employee=
s and employers within the organizational settings. The field of industrial r=
elations looks at the relationship between management and workers, particula=
rly groups of workers represented by a union. Industrial relations are basic=
ally the interactions between employers, employees and the government, and t=
he institutions and associations through which such interactions are mediate=
d.&nbsp;<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: borde=
r-box;">The term industrial relations has a broad as well as a narrow outloo=
k. Originally, industrial relations was broadly defined to include the relat=
ionships and interactions between employers and employees. =46rom this persp=
ective, industrial relations covers all aspects of the employment relationsh=
ip, including human resource management, employee relations, and union-manag=
ement (or labor) relations. Now its meaning has become more specific and res=
tricted. Accordingly, industrial relations pertains to the study and practic=
e of collective bargaining,&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://industrialrelations.naukr=
ihub.com/introduction.html#" rel=3D"nofollow" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; te=
xt-decoration: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 94, 208); word-wrap: break=
-word;">TRADE</a>&nbsp;unionism, and labor-management relations, while human=
 resource management is a separate, largely distinct field that deals with n=
onunion employment relationships and the personnel practices and policies of=
 employers.&nbsp;<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box;"><table style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; paddin=
g: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; border-colla=
pse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;=
 margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0=
px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border:=
 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: bord=
er-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; ou=
tline: 0px;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; m=
argin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-alig=
n: baseline; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &=
quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;">The relationships which arise at and ou=
t of the workplace generally include the relationships between individual wo=
rkers, the relationships between workers and their employer, the relationshi=
ps between employers, the relationships employers and workers have with the o=
rganizations formed to promote their respective interests, and the relations=
 between those organizations, at all levels.&nbsp;<a class=3D"centerlinks" h=
ref=3D"http://industrialrelations.naukrihub.com/" rel=3D"nofollow" target=3D=
"_blank" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-si=
ze: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; border: 0px; colo=
r: rgb(102, 94, 208); word-wrap: break-word;">industrial relations</a>&nbsp;=
also includes the processes through which these relationships are expressed (=
such as, collective bargaining, workers=E2=80=99 participation in decision-m=
aking, and grievance and dispute settlement), and the management of conflict=
 between employers, workers and&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://industrialrelations.n=
aukrihub.com/introduction.html#" rel=3D"nofollow" target=3D"_blank" style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertica=
l-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 94, 2=
08); word-wrap: break-word;">TRADE</a>&nbsp;unions, when it arises.</p><tabl=
e border=3D"0" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; b=
order: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: coll=
apse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0=
px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vert=
ical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing:=
 border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baselin=
e; outline: 0px;"></td></tr><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px=
; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td cl=
ass=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; bor=
der: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><table style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; vert=
ical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbod=
y style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; v=
ertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;=
 margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0=
px;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border:=
 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"></td></tr><tr style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: ba=
seline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; m=
argin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0p=
x;"></td><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; pa=
dding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;">For better=
 understanding of&nbsp;<a class=3D"centerlinks" href=3D"http://industrialrel=
ations.naukrihub.com/" rel=3D"nofollow" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-dec=
oration: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 94, 208); word-wrap: break-word;=
">industrial relations</a>, various terms need to be defined here:&nbsp;<br s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><span=
 style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; ve=
rtical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; font-weight: 600;">Industry:</span><br=
 style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">Industrial Disputes Act 1947 defines an i=
ndustry as any systematic activity carried on by co-operation between an emp=
loyer and his workmen for the production, supply or distribution of goods or=
 services with a view to satisfy human</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><t=
r style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; v=
ertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: base=
line; outline: 0px;">wants or wishes whether or not any capital has been&nbs=
p;<a href=3D"http://industrialrelations.naukrihub.com/related-terms.html#" r=
el=3D"nofollow" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0=
px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; border: 0=
px; color: rgb(102, 94, 208); word-wrap: break-word;">INVESTED</a>&nbsp;for t=
he purpose of carrying on such activity; or such activity is carried on with=
 a motive to make any gain or profit. Thus, an industry is a whole gamut of a=
ctivities that are carried on by an employer with the help of his employees a=
nd labors for production and distribution of goods to earn profits.<br style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><span sty=
le=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertic=
al-align: baseline; outline: 0px; font-weight: 600;">Employer:</span><br sty=
le=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">An empl=
oyer can be defined from different perspectives as:-<br style=3D"box-sizing:=
 border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><ul style=3D"box-sizing:=
 border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem;=
 vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: i=
nitial; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;=
Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><ul style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin:=
 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: bas=
eline; list-style: disc; line-height: 3.2rem;"><li style=3D"box-sizing: bord=
er-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-si=
ze: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;">a person or business t=
hat pays a wage or fixed payment to other person(s) in exchange for the serv=
ices of such persons.</li><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4re=
m 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-al=
ign: baseline; text-align: left;">a person who directly engages a worker/emp=
loyee in employment.</li><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem=
 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-ali=
gn: baseline; text-align: left;">any person who employs, whether directly or=
 through another person or agency, one or more employees in any scheduled em=
ployment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed.</li></u=
l></ul><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><ul style=3D"box-sizing: border=
-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertic=
al-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial;=
 line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source S=
erif Pro&quot;, serif;"><ul style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0=
px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; li=
st-style: disc; line-height: 3.2rem;">As per Industrial Disputes Act 1947 an=
 employer means:-</ul></ul><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><ul style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font=
-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-st=
yle-image: initial; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-fa=
mily: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size:=
 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;">in relation to an indust=
ry carried on by or under the authority of any department of [the Central Go=
vernment or a State Government], the authority prescribed in this behalf, or=
 where no authority is prescribed, the head of the department;</li><li style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; b=
order: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;">in=
 relation to an industry carried on by or on behalf of a local authority, th=
e chief executive officer of that authority;</li></ul><br style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><span style=3D"box-siz=
ing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: bas=
eline; outline: 0px; font-weight: 600;">Employee: -</span>&nbsp;<br style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><ul style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font=
-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-st=
yle-image: initial; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-fa=
mily: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size:=
 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;">Employee is a person who=
 is hired by another person or business for a wage or fixed payment in excha=
nge for personal services and who does not provide the services as part of a=
n independent business.</li><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4=
rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-=
align: baseline; text-align: left;">An employee is any individual employed b=
y an employer.</li><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2=
.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: ba=
seline; text-align: left;">A person who works for a public or private employ=
er and receives remuneration in wages or salary by his employer while workin=
g on a commission basis, piece-rates or time rate.</li><li style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px;=
 font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;">Employee, as p=
er Employee State Insurance Act 1948, is any person employed for wages in or=
 in connection with work of a factory or establishment to which the act appl=
ies.</li></ul><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">In order to qualify to b=
e an employee, under ESI Act, a person should belong to any of the categorie=
s:<ul style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; bor=
der: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: in=
itial; list-style-image: initial; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0=
.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><ul style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2=
rem; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: disc; line-height: 3.2rem;"><li s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0=
px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left=
;">those who are directly employed for wages by the principal employer withi=
n the premises or outside in connection with work of the factory or establis=
hment.</li><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.=
2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; t=
ext-align: left;">those employed for wages by or through an immediate employ=
er in the premises of the factory or establishment in connection with the wo=
rk thereof</li></ul></ul><table style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px=
; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; bord=
er-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: bor=
der-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; o=
utline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px=
; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td style=3D"box-siz=
ing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: bas=
eline; outline: 0px;"></td></tr></tbody></table><ul style=3D"box-sizing: bor=
der-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; ver=
tical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initi=
al; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Sour=
ce Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4=
rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-=
align: baseline; text-align: left;">those employed for wages by or through a=
n immediate employer in connection with the factory or establishment outside=
 the premises of such factory or establishment under the supervision and con=
trol of the principal employer or his agent.</li><li style=3D"box-sizing: bo=
rder-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-=
size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;">employees whose ser=
vices are temporarily lent or let on hire to the principal employer by an im=
mediate employer under a contract of service (employees of security contract=
ors, labor contractors, house keeping contractors etc. come under this categ=
ory).</li></ul><p style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; paddi=
ng: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height=
: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&qu=
ot;, serif;"><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0p=
x; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; fon=
t-weight: 600;">Employment:</span>&nbsp;The state of being employed or havin=
g a job.<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: borde=
r-box;"><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; bo=
rder: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; font-wei=
ght: 600;">Labor&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://industrialrelations.naukrihub.com/re=
lated-terms.html#" rel=3D"nofollow" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"box-sizing: b=
order-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decorat=
ion: none; font-weight: normal; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 94, 208); word-=
wrap: break-word;">MARKET</a>:</span>&nbsp;<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-b=
ox;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">The&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://indust=
rialrelations.naukrihub.com/related-terms.html#" rel=3D"nofollow" target=3D"=
_blank" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-siz=
e: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; border: 0px; color=
: rgb(102, 94, 208); word-wrap: break-word;">MARKET</a>&nbsp;in which worker=
s compete for jobs and employers compete for workers. It acts as the externa=
l source from which organizations attract employees. These markets occur bec=
ause different conditions characterize different geographical areas, industr=
ies, occupations, and professions at any given time.</p><table border=3D"0" s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font=
-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spa=
cing: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0p=
x; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: ba=
seline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; m=
argin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0p=
x;"></td></tr><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px=
; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vert=
ical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><table style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;=
 margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: ba=
seline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align:=
 baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; p=
adding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical=
-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"></td></tr><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-b=
ox; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outlin=
e: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; pa=
dding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><table sty=
le=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-s=
ize: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spaci=
ng: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;=
 border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: base=
line; outline: 0px;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; paddi=
ng: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"></td></tr></t=
body></table>An industrial relations system consists of the whole gamut of r=
elationships between employees and employees and employers which are managed=
 by the means of conflict and cooperation.<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-bo=
x;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">A sound industrial relations syste=
m is one in which relationships between management and employees (and their r=
epresentatives) on the one hand, and between them and the State on the other=
, are more harmonious and cooperative than conflictual and creates an enviro=
nment conducive to economic efficiency and the motivation, productivity and d=
evelopment of the employee and generates employee loyalty and mutual trust.<=
br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><=
/td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; marg=
in: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"=
><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0=
px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><p style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2=
rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7=
5); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><span style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; v=
ertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; font-weight: 600;">Actors in the IR s=
ystem:</span><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: b=
order-box;">Three main parties are directly involved in industrial relations=
:<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"=
><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0=
px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; font-weight: 60=
0;">Employers:</span>&nbsp;Employers possess certain rights vis-=C3=A0-vis l=
abors. They have the right to hire and fire them. Management can also affect=
 workers=E2=80=99 interests by exercising their right to relocate, close or m=
erge the factory or to introduce technological changes.<br style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><span style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; v=
ertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; font-weight: 600;">Employees:</span>&=
nbsp;Workers seek to improve the terms and conditions of their employment. T=
hey exchange views with management and voice their grievances. They also wan=
t to share decision making powers of management. Workers generally unite to f=
orm unions against the management and get support from these unions.&nbsp;<b=
r style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><s=
pan style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;=
 font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; font-weight: 600;"=
>Government:</span>&nbsp;The central and state government influences and reg=
ulates industrial relations through laws, rules, agreements, awards of court=
 ad the like. It also includes third parties and labor and tribunal courts.<=
/p><p style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; bor=
der: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 3.2rem; co=
lor: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"=
><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0=
px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; font-weight: 60=
0;">SCOPE:&nbsp;</span><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"bo=
x-sizing: border-box;"><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; p=
adding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; outline=
: 0px;">The concept of industrial relations has a very wide meaning and conn=
otation. In the narrow sense, it means that the employer, employee relations=
hip confines itself to the relationship that emerges out of the day to day a=
ssociation of the management and the labor. In its wider sense, industrial r=
elations include the relationship between an employee and an employer in the=
 course of the running of an industry and may project it to spheres, which m=
ay transgress to the areas of quality control,&nbsp;</span><a href=3D"http:/=
/industrialrelations.naukrihub.com/industrial-relation-system.html#" rel=3D"=
nofollow" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; pa=
dding: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none=
; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 94, 208); word-wrap: break-word;">MARKETING</=
a><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0=
px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;">, price fixati=
on and disposition of profits among others.</span><br style=3D"box-sizing: b=
order-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"></p><table style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; v=
ertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><t=
body style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px=
; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-b=
ox; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outlin=
e: 0px;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; bor=
der: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"></td></tr></tbody></table=
><p style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; borde=
r: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 3.2rem; colo=
r: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><=
span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px=
; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;">The scope or&nbs=
p;</span><a class=3D"centerlinks" href=3D"http://industrialrelations.naukrih=
ub.com/" rel=3D"nofollow" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;=
 margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-=
decoration: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 94, 208); word-wrap: break-wo=
rd;">industrial relations</a><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0=
px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; ou=
tline: 0px;">&nbsp;is quite vast. The main issues involved here include the f=
ollowing:</span></p><ol style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px;=
 padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; list-=
style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; line-height: 3.2rem; col=
or: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;">=
<li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; paddi=
ng: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align:=
 left;"><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; bo=
rder: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;">Collective bargaining</s=
pan></li><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2r=
em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; te=
xt-align: left;"><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding=
: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;">Machinery for s=
ettlement of industrial disputes</span></li><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size:=
 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;"><span style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: basel=
ine; outline: 0px;">Standing orders</span></li><li style=3D"box-sizing: bord=
er-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-si=
ze: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;"><span style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: ba=
seline; outline: 0px;">Workers participation in management</span></li><li st=
yle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0p=
x; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;=
"><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0=
px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;">Unfair labor practiceS</span></=
li></ol><table border=3D"0" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; pa=
dding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; border-c=
ollapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outli=
ne: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; bo=
rder: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical=
-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"></td></tr><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-b=
ox; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outlin=
e: 0px;"><td class=3D"toplinks" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px=
; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><br st=
yle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><span class=3D"toplinks" style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseli=
ne; outline: 0px;">Importance Of Industrial Relations</span></td></tr><tr st=
yle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; verti=
cal-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: b=
order-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;=
 outline: 0px;"><table style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding=
: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collap=
se: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; m=
argin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0p=
x;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0=
px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border=
-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outl=
ine: 0px;"></td></tr><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; paddi=
ng: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"=
text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0p=
x; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><table style=3D"box-sizing: bord=
er-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-al=
ign: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical=
-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin=
: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><=
td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; v=
ertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"></td></tr></tbody></table>The health=
y industrial relations are key to the progress and success. Their significan=
ce may be discussed as under =E2=80=93&nbsp;<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box;"><ul style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;=
 border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position=
: initial; list-style-image: initial; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0,=
 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><li style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; borde=
r: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;">Uninte=
rrupted production =E2=80=93 The most important benefit of industrial relati=
ons is that this ensures continuity of production. This means, continuous em=
ployment for all from manager to workers. The resources are fully utilized, r=
esulting in the maximum possible production. There is uninterrupted flow of i=
ncome for all. Smooth running of an industry is of vital importance for seve=
ral other industries; to other industries if the products are intermediaries=
 or inputs; to exporters if these are export goods; to consumers and workers=
, if these are goods of mass consumption.</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table=
></td></tr><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; b=
order: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" styl=
e=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertica=
l-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><ul style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margi=
n: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: b=
aseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; line-heigh=
t: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&q=
uot;, serif;"><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem=
 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baselin=
e; text-align: left;">Reduction in Industrial Disputes =E2=80=93 Good indust=
rial relations reduce the industrial disputes. Disputes are reflections of t=
he failure of basic human urges or motivations to secure adequate satisfacti=
on or expression which are fully cured by good industrial relations. Strikes=
, lockouts, go-slow tactics, gherao and grievances are some of the reflectio=
ns of industrial unrest which do not spring up in an atmosphere of industria=
l peace. It helps promoting co-operation and increasing production.</li></ul=
><ul style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; bord=
er: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: ini=
tial; list-style-image: initial; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0=
.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><li style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0p=
x; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;">High morale=
 =E2=80=93 Good industrial relations improve the morale of the employees. Em=
ployees work with great zeal with the feeling in mind that the interest of e=
mployer and employees is one and the same, i.e. to increase production. Ever=
y worker feels that he is a co-owner of the gains of industry. The employer i=
n his turn must realize that the gains of industry are not for him along but=
 they should be shared equally and generously with his workers. In other wor=
ds, complete unity of thought and action is the main achievement of industri=
al peace. It increases the place of workers in the society and their ego is s=
atisfied. It naturally affects production because mighty co-operative effort=
s alone can produce great results.</li></ul><ul style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertica=
l-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; l=
ine-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source Se=
rif Pro&quot;, serif;"><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0=
px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align=
: baseline; text-align: left;">Mental Revolution =E2=80=93 The main object o=
f industrial relation is a complete mental revolution of workers and employe=
es. The industrial peace lies ultimately in a transformed outlook on the par=
t of both. It is the business of leadership in the ranks of workers, employe=
es and Government to work out a new relationship in consonance with a spirit=
 of true democracy. Both should think themselves as partners of the industry=
 and the role of workers in such a partnership should be recognized. On the o=
ther hand, workers must recognize employer=E2=80=99s authority. It will natu=
rally have impact on production because they recognize the interest of each o=
ther.</li></ul><ul style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padd=
ing: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; list-style=
-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; line-height: 3.2rem; color: r=
gba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><li s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0=
px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left=
;">Reduced Wastage =E2=80=93 Good industrial relations are maintained on the=
 basis of cooperation and recognition of each other. It will help increase p=
roduction. Wastages of man, material and machines are reduced to the minimum=
 and thus national interest is protected.</li></ul>Thus, it is evident that g=
ood&nbsp;<a class=3D"centerlinks" href=3D"http://industrialrelations.naukrih=
ub.com/" rel=3D"nofollow" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;=
 margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none;=
 border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 94, 208); word-wrap: break-word;">industrial r=
elations</a>&nbsp;is the basis of higher production with minimum cost and hi=
gher profits. It also results in increased efficiency of workers. New and ne=
w projects may be introduced for the welfare of the workers and to promote t=
he morale of the people at work. An economy organized for planned production=
 and distribution, aiming at the realization of social justice and welfare o=
f the massage can function effectively only in an atmosphere of industrial p=
eace. If the twin objectives of rapid national development and increased soc=
ial justice are to be achieved, there must be harmonious relationship betwee=
n management and labor.</td></tr></tbody></table><p style=3D"box-sizing: bor=
der-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; ver=
tical-align: baseline; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font=
-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"></p><table border=3D"0" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-siz=
e: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing=
: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; b=
order: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseli=
ne; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margi=
n: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;">=
</td></tr><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; bo=
rder: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D"text" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical=
-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><table style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mar=
gin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseli=
ne; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody style=3D"box-siz=
ing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: bas=
eline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padd=
ing: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-al=
ign: baseline; outline: 0px;"></td></tr><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;=
 margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0=
px;"><td class=3D"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; paddin=
g: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><table style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1=
6px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0p=
x;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; borde=
r: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: bo=
rder-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; o=
utline: 0px;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px=
; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"></td></tr></tbody></=
table>The main objectives of&nbsp;<a class=3D"centerlinks" href=3D"http://in=
dustrialrelations.naukrihub.com/" rel=3D"nofollow" target=3D"_blank" style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline=
; text-decoration: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 94, 208); word-wrap: b=
reak-word;">industrial relations</a>&nbsp;system are:-<br style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><ul style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2re=
m; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image:=
 initial; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quo=
t;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margi=
n: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; ver=
tical-align: baseline; text-align: left;">To safeguard the interest of labor=
 and management by securing the highest level of mutual understanding and go=
od-will among all those sections in the industry which participate in the pr=
ocess of production.</li><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem=
 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-ali=
gn: baseline; text-align: left;">To avoid industrial conflict or strife and d=
evelop harmonious relations, which are an essential factor in the productivi=
ty of workers and the industrial progress of a country.</li><li style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border:=
 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;">To raise=
 productivity to a higher level in an era of full employment by lessening th=
e tendency to high turnover and frequency absenteeism.</li></ul></td></tr></=
tbody></table></td></tr><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; pa=
dding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><td class=3D=
"text" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0=
px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"><ul style=3D"box-sizing: border=
-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 2rem; vertic=
al-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial;=
 line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source S=
erif Pro&quot;, serif;"><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0=
px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align=
: baseline; text-align: left;">To establish and promote the growth of an ind=
ustrial democracy based on labor partnership in the sharing of profits and o=
f managerial decisions, so that ban individuals personality may grow its ful=
l stature for the benefit of the industry and of the country as well.</li><l=
i style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding=
: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: l=
eft;">To eliminate or minimize the number of strikes, lockouts and gheraos b=
y providing reasonable wages, improved living and working conditions, said f=
ringe benefits.</li><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2=
.4rem 3.2rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: ba=
seline; text-align: left;">To improve the economic conditions of workers in t=
he existing state of industrial managements and political government.</li><l=
i style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem; padding=
: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: l=
eft;">Socialization of industries by making the state itself a major employe=
r</li><li style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2.4rem 0px 2.4rem 3.2rem;=
 padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; text-=
align: left;">Vesting of a proprietary interest of the workers in the indust=
ries in which they are employed.</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3.2rem 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; f=
ont-size: 2rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 3.2rem; color: rgba(0=
, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &quot;Source Serif Pro&quot;, serif;"><span styl=
e=3D"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-si=
ze: 20px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px;"></span></p></td></tr></tb=
ody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br><div dir=
=3D"ltr">Sent from my iPad</div></body></html>=

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